Cerebral hemorrhage refers to bleeding within the brain parenchyma. Most hemorrhages occur in the cerebral hemispheres, while a minority arise in the pons and cerebellum. It is one of the most fatal cerebrovascular diseases with high mortality and disability rates. Unlike ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage belongs to hemorrhagic stroke, characterized by acute intracranial hematoma formation, … Read more
Cerebral embolism is an acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease caused by circulating emboli occluding intracranial cerebral arteries, accounting for 15%–20% of all stroke cases. Similar to cerebral thrombosis, it belongs to the category of ischemic stroke, resulting in acute focal cerebral ischemia and neurological deficits. Classification & Etiology of Cerebral Embolism According to embolus origin, cerebral … Read more
Cerebral thrombosis is an acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease characterized by localized neurological dysfunction. It is caused by vascular thromboembolism leading to focal cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, and subsequent ischemic necrosis of brain tissue. As the most common type of ischemic stroke, cerebral thrombosis has a high incidence in middle-aged and elderly populations with cardiovascular risk factors. … Read more
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a common acute cerebrovascular disorder. It presents as focal neurological dysfunction caused by temporary hypoperfusion in the carotid system, vertebrobasilar system, or both arterial territories. TIA is widely recognized as a critical warning sign for subsequent stroke. Etiological Factors Six major causes are acknowledged in modern clinical practice: 1. Microembolism … Read more
Paraplegia is a neurological dysfunction caused by traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). It is clinically categorized into high-level paraplegia (tetraplegia) and low-level paraplegia (inferior limb paraplegia). This chapter focuses specifically on traumatic lower paraplegia, which predominantly affects bilateral lower limbs after lumbosacral spinal cord damage. The primary etiology involves external violent trauma, such as direct … Read more
Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a chronic central neuropathic pain condition that occurs after amputation. Patients persistently perceive the presence of the amputated limb and suffer from severe episodic hallucinatory pain originating from the missing extremity. This condition is classified as a central sensitization disorder rather than peripheral tissue pain. After traumatic or surgical limb … Read more
Intestinal neurosis, clinically known as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) per international diagnostic criteria, is a systemic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by smooth muscle dysfunction of the intestinal tract. The core clinical manifestations include recurrent abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, bloating, increased bowel sounds, constipation, and alternating diarrhea and constipation. As a functional disease, IBS presents obvious … Read more
Gastric neurosis, also known as functional gastric disorder, is a common psychosomatic gastrointestinal condition triggered primarily by excessive mental stress and psychological trauma. Characteristically, patients present persistent gastric discomfort and pain with no organic pathological lesions detected in the stomach, confirming its functional and stress-mediated nature. Gastrointestinal motility and secretory functions are regulated by the … Read more
Cluster headache, also referred to as episodic cluster headache or histamine headache, is a rare and severe primary headache disorder categorized as a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia. It presents as a special migraine variant dominated by intense unilateral orbital and cranial pain, characterized by abrupt onset, extreme severity, and clustered symptomatic episodes. The exact etiology of … Read more
Post-lumbar puncture headache (PLPHA) is a distinct intracranial hypotension headache secondary to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypovolemia following spinal tap procedures. This iatrogenic headache occurs primarily due to excessive CSF loss or persistent CSF leakage, which lowers intracranial pressure and triggers mechanical traction pain within the cranial cavity. Two major pathological mechanisms contribute to post-lumbar puncture … Read more
