Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a common acute cerebrovascular disorder. It presents as focal neurological dysfunction caused by temporary hypoperfusion in the carotid system, vertebrobasilar system, or both arterial territories. TIA is widely recognized as a critical warning sign for subsequent stroke. Etiological Factors Six major causes are acknowledged in modern clinical practice: 1. Microembolism … Read more
Paraplegia is a neurological dysfunction caused by traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). It is clinically categorized into high-level paraplegia (tetraplegia) and low-level paraplegia (inferior limb paraplegia). This chapter focuses specifically on traumatic lower paraplegia, which predominantly affects bilateral lower limbs after lumbosacral spinal cord damage. The primary etiology involves external violent trauma, such as direct … Read more
Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a chronic central neuropathic pain condition that occurs after amputation. Patients persistently perceive the presence of the amputated limb and suffer from severe episodic hallucinatory pain originating from the missing extremity. This condition is classified as a central sensitization disorder rather than peripheral tissue pain. After traumatic or surgical limb … Read more
Intestinal neurosis, clinically known as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) per international diagnostic criteria, is a systemic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by smooth muscle dysfunction of the intestinal tract. The core clinical manifestations include recurrent abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, bloating, increased bowel sounds, constipation, and alternating diarrhea and constipation. As a functional disease, IBS presents obvious … Read more
Gastric neurosis, also known as functional gastric disorder, is a common psychosomatic gastrointestinal condition triggered primarily by excessive mental stress and psychological trauma. Characteristically, patients present persistent gastric discomfort and pain with no organic pathological lesions detected in the stomach, confirming its functional and stress-mediated nature. Gastrointestinal motility and secretory functions are regulated by the … Read more
Cluster headache, also referred to as episodic cluster headache or histamine headache, is a rare and severe primary headache disorder categorized as a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia. It presents as a special migraine variant dominated by intense unilateral orbital and cranial pain, characterized by abrupt onset, extreme severity, and clustered symptomatic episodes. The exact etiology of … Read more
Post-lumbar puncture headache (PLPHA) is a distinct intracranial hypotension headache secondary to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypovolemia following spinal tap procedures. This iatrogenic headache occurs primarily due to excessive CSF loss or persistent CSF leakage, which lowers intracranial pressure and triggers mechanical traction pain within the cranial cavity. Two major pathological mechanisms contribute to post-lumbar puncture … Read more
Tension-type headache (ICD-10: R51) is one of the most prevalent primary headache disorders globally, primarily induced by persistent psychological stress and emotional dysregulation. This condition arises from prolonged involuntary contraction of the skeletal muscles and vascular smooth muscles in the craniofacial, cervical, and shoulder regions, resulting in chronic, persistent cranial pressure pain and soft tissue … Read more
Migraine is a prevalent neurological condition characterized by intense, throbbing, unilateral cranial pain. Clinically, it is defined by three hallmark features: abrupt onset of severe one-sided headache, spontaneous or pharmacologically assisted pain resolution with no residual neurological sequelae, and recurrent symptomatic episodes separated by pain-free intervals. As a periodic vascular headache disorder, migraine significantly impairs … Read more
Irregular menstruation, also known as menstrual disorder, refers to common gynecological conditions marked by abnormal menstrual cycles, menstrual volume, menstrual color, and menstrual texture. Clinically, TCM acupuncture treatment effectively improves three major types of menstrual disorders: advanced menstruation, delayed menstruation, and irregular menstrual cycles. Advanced menstruation is defined as a menstrual cycle that arrives more … Read more
